Physical Exercise and GPA Essay Example for Free

Physical Exercise and grade point average EssayPhysical instruction con nones legion(predicate) different things to wad. To some it is a subject argona which focuses on personal training. Conventionally, this has meant promoting activities which lead to anatomical and physiological development (Sansone, 2000). The nonion of PT and calls to advance the physical condition of our nations youth in order to provide a strong base for the military get hold of withal been consistent with this idea (Ennis, 2001). Others have had a more(prenominal) expansive view of physical learning and portrayed the area as education through the physical, earlier than of the physical (Pringle, 2000). Such a nonion suggests that involvement in a variety of sports and games provides participants not only with opportunities to develop physical prowess, but to get word important social values succession developing desirable personal traits. A third major thrust that has affected the meaning at tributed to the concept is associated with its recreational function (Ruth, 2006). The basis of this theme is that people perform optimally when they have consummationic diversions from their normal work world, and that involvement in physical activity can provide necessary relief and renewal. well-nigh affiliated with this idea is that physical recreation provides a wholesome and constructive use of ones free time (Lee2002). Despite much(prenominal) grandiose themes, Duda (2001) has argued that indoors the longr context of toweringer education classes foc utilise on the acquisition of learninged movements and play are viewed as nonintellectual, nonacademic, nonessential, and nonartistic (p. 433). As a result of much(prenominal) perceptions he believes that physical education is relegated to a peripheral role in the academy, and its practitioners pay a price for its marginal status in their daily lives.Furthermore, Duda suggests that a large part of physical education fail ing to gain acceptance in higher education is a consequence of the static criteria used to assess academic value in oecumenical. According to his analysis value of a curricular offering is typically based on such things as the intellectual scrap of material, the extent to which subject matter is categorized as academic rather than motoric, the usefulness of learning various skills, and the cultural significance of an area of study.His recommendation for redressing physical educations p atonic is to convince those using such criteria to assess worth in broader, and less dualistic ways. Hence the types of challenges presented in physical skill acquisition situations expertness be understood as important stimuli for developing human capacities that complement those capacities acquired from more conventional intellectual pursuits. While the idea of rethinking criteria that should be used for discernment academic value may be laudable, how this might come close to is difficult to conceive.An alternative and, yet, much simpler approach for improving the viability of physical education classes in higher education is to improve the quality of scholarly person outcomes. In essence, it may be that the inclusion of physical education in higher education is not contested on philosophical grounds, but on operational ones. As Duda (2001) conveys performance classes are elective, not required. Skill instructors are rarely hired as tenure track faculty.Credit toward graduation may not be given for such classes, and scaling is often pass/fail. Passing marks are virtually assured with a good attendance record (p. 437). If such a profile is accurate, it is difficult to understand how student achievement can be significant or the entire enterprise viewed as essential to the general curriculum. Indeed, such a profile connotes that the physical education curriculum is soft, and that whether or not students acquire certain information and/or master specific skills is ambig uous.Considering physical educations past philosophical themes and its current trends of providing opportunities for students to (a) recreate, (b) build and maintain health through exercise, (c) learn how to compete and cooperate, and (d) develop specific sport skills and levels of fitness, instructors often have difficulty in identifying and utilizing meaningful grading criteria. This has been attributed to both philosophical (Midgley, 2001) and managerial (Pringle, 2000) concerns.Indeed, as detect by Church (2001) many physical educators compute grades based on student behaviours which are unrelated to performance or knowledge clinicals, such as dress, participation, and discipline. Interestingly, Ennis (2001) found that in colleges and universities virtually all grading in physical education is left to the discretion of the instructor, including selection of criteria and instruments to be used to assess student achievement. They also typographyed a trend toward less testing of all types.Consequently, it is not surprising that with so many ideas about what is to be accomplished, and so petty control over how this should be done, it is difficult, if not impossible to determine the value of physical activity trends in the general curriculum. Indeed, it is one thing to provide well philosophical arguments for why a particular discipline belongs in the curriculum, and quite anformer(a) to operationalize the philosophy so that its essence is actualized.Recent studies suggest the importance of objective assessment not only as a device to promote the legitimacy of physical education in an academic setting, but as a tool to promote learning. For example, Pringle (2000) showed that student achievement in table tennis classes reflected the focus of evaluation. Students graded totally on physical skills performed most skilfully at the end of a class performed most skilfully, duration those graded on attendance and participation had lower performance scores but t he highest attendance rates.As well, Lee (2002), demonstrated how the proper use of evaluation and grading tools promotes on task behaviour and superior skill development in volleyball. Chen (2001), using a riflery task, also demonstrated that grading based on task competence was superior to grading based merely on participation when skill development was examined. Hidi (2000) further argues that the appropriate use of grading can promote positive attitudes towards a course, develop a students sense of confidence, and lead to substantial achievement.The footing why a rift exists between using grading as an integral part of the learning process, and using it only to fulfil administrative requirements plainly is a complex problem that involves philosophical, technical, and practical skips (Duda, 2001). Yet, in a time when accountability is expected, and when cost cutting is widespread, empirical evidence for the integrity of a political course is imperative. What and how we grade conveys a great deal about who we are, what we do, what we can accomplish, how we are viewed by others outside of our field, and whether physical education is considered as essential to the mission of education.Hence, the purpose of the present investigation was to acquire empirical descriptive data about grading of physical education in higher education. In light of our field history of divergent philosophical views, ambitious, and often ambiguous goals, and its defensive position in higher education (Duda, 2001), an examination of what and how we grade would seemingly shed light on where we are as a discipline.Furthermore, such an investigation might help identify important unloosens that need to be addressed and resolved if we are to gain the degree of acceptance the field has so desperately sought over the years. Method Instrument To acquire information about college physical education programs a hesitancynaire was developed which, in addition to requesting information about an institutions profile (e. g. , public-private, size, approximate percentage of students enrolled in physical education, etc. , asked a series of dubietys about its physical education activity program.These included (a) whether students received academic character which counted in a students GPA, (b) the number and duration of class meetings, (c) how important various factors such as skill development, effort, and attendance were in computing a grade, (d) whether the department had a policy on grading, (e) the approximate percentage breakdown of grades awarded (e. g. , As, Bs, Cs, etc. ), and (f) whether the snub of grading had been considered by the department in the past five years.Prior to mailing the survey, questions were pilot tested on a group of five ranking(prenominal) collegiate faculty members in a department of exercise and sport studies. These individuals each had taught undergraduate and graduate theory courses as well as a variety of undergraduate physical activ ity classes at a number of colleges and universities. They were quite knowledgeable about different types of service programs (e. g. , credit, required, no credit non-required) and how they typically operated.Furthermore, they were apprised of the questionnaires intent, and were asked to provide feedback on the clarity of questions as well as the instruments overall format. Based on feedback from this group, questions were reworded, added and deleted. In addition, the sequence of questions was revised for the purpose of providing a more coherent structure. The terminal version of the survey contained eight questions, some of which had subparts. As well, pilot testing demonstrated that a respondent could complete the questionnaire in around ten minutes. Coding of DataAs surveys were returned data were coded into an Excel Spreadsheet by two trained assistants, and then analyzed using Exels statistical functions. It is noteworthy to report that during the data reduction process it be came homely, as conveyed by a number of respondents, that quantitative data which were requested from a number of questions did not exist Consequently, many respondents either did not answer such items or acknowledged that they merely volunteered their own perceived best guess, or a numerical range within which they believed the actual value requested would occur.Hence, a decision was made to code and analyze all data acknowledging that, for the most part, they only reflect respondents best estimates, rather than hard numbers. Furthermore, where a range was given, the midpoint was used in further analyses. In passing, the observation that certain types of data were not acquired or readily addressable may in itself be an important finding since a departments viability may depend on such information.Items falling into this category included such things as (a) the number of students taking physical education classes in a semester, (b) the typical grade distribution (e. g. , % As, % B s, etc. ), (c) the factors utilized to compute course grades, and (d) whether an institutional cook existed for the number of physical education courses that could be taken by a student for academic credit. Results Sample Within a thirty day period of mailing surveys 556 (44%) responses were received. Table 1 shows a break down of respondents by institution type and size.Because of financial limitations, further attempts to obtain data from nonrespondents were not attempted. Of the 556 respondents, 78 (14%) indicated that they did not have, or no longer had a physical education activity program. This was jolly of a surprising finding, especially so because many conveyed that their institutions program had been recently eliminated. Whether a trend toward program elimination actually existed is of significant import to our profession and deserves immediate attention.Schools which indicated that they did not offer physical education classes were aloof from further analysis, leaving 478 institutions in the database. Is Academic Credit Given for Physical Education Activity Courses? An important question posed by this investigator was whether institutions provide academic credit which counts in a students GPA for taking physical education activity courses. Presumably, this would indicate whether classes were viewed as a meaningful part of the institutions general curriculum.It was found that 335 (72. %) of respondents reported that academic credit which is computed in a students GPA was awarded for physical education activity courses. Table 2 reveals that Public State Universities and Colleges were somewhat more likely to award academic credit than Private Universities and Colleges. Furthermore, while a few institutions had a unique formula for computing the amount of credit earned in a class, nearly all institutions granted one credit per course. A follow-up question probed how much of such credit may be counted in a students total academic program.Although the re seemed to be a great deal of uncertainty regarding the answer to this question, many respondents indicated that their institution had not set a limit or did not have a policy (only 65% of respondents who count physical education credit in the GPA responded). Those that were clear on this issue indicated that a limit did exist, and that the median value across institutions and within school categories was four credits. A subsequent question probed what the course time commitment was for earning credit.Across institutional types classes typically met for the length of a semester (14-15weeks), and for two contact hours a week. How are Grades Computed? A number of questions regarding how grades were computed followed. An initial issue was whether or not the department had a policy on grading. The idea here was to get a sense of whether faculty members agreed on how such things as skill, knowledge, and class participation should be weighed in determining a students performance. In reg ard to this question, 80% of respondents indicated that their departments did not have a globe grading policy.Nonetheless, many individuals conveyed that students were administered tests of skill and knowledge, but that course instructors ultimately determined assessment tools, how various components were weighed, and the course grade computed. Because most departments did not have a formal grading policy, the next set of questions should be interpreted as only giving a general sense of how grades are computed from a respondents general perceptions. This question probed whether grades were competency based (i. e. students are assessed on the absolute level of performance attained), or norm based (i. e. , students are graded in relation to other students in the class). Results showed that most respondents (60. 6%) thought that grading at their institution was competency based, although a fair number reported that they thought their grading outline was more norm based (23. 3%). The remaining 16. 1% either were unsure or did not respond to this item. Another question related to this issue was whether the amount learned was considered to be as important as the level of performance attained.Interestingly, 72% of respondents believed that instructors at their institutions weighed the amount learned as being equal to the proficiency attained, while 21% did not see these of equal importance. The remaining 7% were missing or undecided. In light of the previous data indicating a bias toward competency based grading, the response to this question is surprising since the amount learned would only be of importance if it correlated highly with proficiency attained. This may or may not be the case, but needs further investigation.Another way of probing the importance of factors employed in computing a grade was to ask respondents about how important they believed a subset of factors were in arriving at a grade. They rated the factors of (a) effort, (b) attendance, (c) att itude, (d) amount learned and (e) level of performance on a five-point master anchored by the terms very important(5). Overall, attendance (1. 3) and amount learned (1. 4) had the lowest median values (i. e. , highest perceived weighting). The level of performance attained (1. ), and effort expended (1. 8) followed closely, while attitude (2. 3) appeared lowest in importance. It should be noted that all of these criteria tended to fall between the very important and uncertain end of the continuum. With the exception of performance attainment, it is not clear why the other factors identified were viewed as important in grading, if grading is competency based. For that matter, these criteria would also be somewhat problematic for a norm referenced standard which focuses on relative competency attainments.Respondents were also asked to estimate the percentage distribution of grades in physical education at their institution. Overall, as were perceived to be the most prevalent grade an d were awarded to 51% of students. Bs were the next most prevalent grade awarded to 31% of students with Cs following at 14%. Ds and Fs were infrequently given with a combined percentage of 7%. Has the Issue of Grading been Considered in the Past Five Years? A final question asked whether the issue of grading had been considered by a department in the past five years.Although 51% had not discussed this issue, 47% had done so. The questionnaire requested respondents who answered this question in the affirmative to comment on what issues were discussed by their departments. Clearly, the topic of whether to change from a letter grade system to a pass-fail system was the most widely discussed issue. Related to this was the subject of grade inflation and the idea that moving to a pass-fail system may reduce pressure from various constituencies (e. g. , administrators, faculty, regents) to reduce the number of high grades awarded.There were also numerous comments about criteria to be use d in grading, consistency in grading across sections of a course, and among different courses. Several respondents also commented on the conflict between trying to encourage lifelong participation m activities and the negative connotations of having to grade based on an individuals proficiency. From the nature and number of comments collated, it was evident that departments have grappled with this issue, but remain in a quandary about an ideal solution.

Book Reviews Essay Example for Free

Book Reviews Essay1. To what does the title of the control refer? Having a detailed and well-constructed setting in Packingtown, Chicago, Upton Sinclairs The Jungle can substantially be mistaken as a degree that has its central on the setting. thitherfore, it is alone natural to point out that the title is referring to Packingtown itself. Reading thoroughly into the agree, though, one is led to realize that the jungle actually refers to something larger than effective the city where the drool happens. forth from a vivid description of the setting, which greatly resembles the darkness and gloominess of the jungle, a reader has to note what the characters in the story retain to go through. The unexampled depicts scenes where characters do everything in their power to survive the cut-throat surround in which they live in. These scenes point to what the title actually refers to the c oncept of survival of the fittest. Much as the well-nigh cunning animals in the jungle at omic number 18 those who survive, The Jungle reflects that those who are devious reign supreme.2. What is the main point(s) of the bulk? wherefore did the occasion write it? Did the author execute his objective? Upton Sinclair compulsioned to reveal the darks of the meat-packing industry during his time. But more than just wanting to abolish the barbarity of the meat industry, Upton Sinclair wanted to take a savvy at the evils of capitalism and the meat industry was just a start for him. Being a affectionateist, the author wanted to show how capitalism is detrimental to the vile as it that makes the rich richer.Though Sinclair was not totally successful in abandoning capitalism, he was, at the very least, successful in urging the g overning body to take a look at the meat-packing industry and take steps in break danceing the said industry. To date, The Jungle remains one of the more or less influential books in the Statesn history. 3. When was the book written? Is that relevant in this case? The novel was written in 1906, which holds significance as to why the story was written. The setting depict in the novel is one that Upton Sinclair has experienced, urging him to write the book.4. What do you k immediately about the emotional state of the author that would feel led him to write The Jungle? Upton Sinclair was born(p) to a family who once enjoyed aristocratic status but was thrown into the binge of poverty towards the end of the 1870s. Growing up in a poor environment and hearing stories of the rich lifestyle from his once wealthy grandparents had its mark on young Sinclair. This contrast between the rich and the poor greatly affected his written materials.Aside from this, though, something that led him to write The Jungle was the introduction to the socialist philosophical system during his college years. Not only did the philosophy in thus far the principles that were apparent in The Jungle, it literally pushed Upton Sinclair into the i ndustry he represented in the novel. Being an avid fan of socialism, the author became a writer for a socialist paper that sent him to investigate the lives of stockyard workers those working in the meatpacking industry included. 5.How well does The Jungle reflect political, urban, business and immigrant life in America in the early twentieth century? Do you estimate it is an accurate reflection? why or why not? Upton Sinclair is often criticized for his tendency to exaggerate hence, it can be assumed that his portrayal of what was happening in the meat-packing industry is sort of larger-than-life. Assuming that this is straightforward, one can still not deny that The Jungle still is a reflection of the political, urban, business and immigrant life in America during the early twentieth century.Despite whatever embellishments were written in The Jungle, Upton Sinclair still truthfully revealed the atrocities regarding the capitalist social club how the immigrants work to fight for their lives in target to ensure survival in the city and how the authorities influence a blind eye to industries that deem the capacity to pay. 6. What were the problems immigrants exhibitd at the turn of the twentieth century? Are those problems still evident? How or how not is that the case? That is, what has changed or not changed in the last hundred years for immigrants?The face of immigration in the United States has changed several times in the past decade. Towards the end of the 19th and during the earlier dismantles of the 20th centuries, immigrants faced numerous openhearteds of discrimination. flood tide to America under circumstances where the country was riddled with poverty, crime, and disease, the immigrants in this period were feared and ridiculed. They were entern by the majority as the source of everything bad in American society during that period. Also, the growing number of immigrants has led the U. S. government to take some steps to curb the entranc e of more mountain into U.S. shores. Positive changes have occurred for immigrants as well. The quotas were at long last removed, welcoming more immigrants to fulfill their American dream. Also, the concept of white ethnicity shifted from scientific evidence to common knowledge making race dependent on social boundaries rather than scientific definitions. 8. What did you same(p) most and least about the book? I could have done without the overly vivid depictions of the meat-packing industry, though I likewise have to admit that it was those depictions that do the novel deliver an effective message.The fact that the book spoke truthfully of the anomalies in the food industry and urged changes that up to now I am benefitting from is what I loved most about it. Rarely do we come across a literary piece that affects lives as much. 9. What was the most important and/or interesting thing(s) you learned from reading the book? The most important thing I learned from the book is the b eauty of socialism and an understanding for the kind of capitalism that America has at the moment. I also found it interesting how a literary fiction greatly affected one verbalism of corruption in the country.10. Are there each other comments you would like to make that were not addressed above? Whether or not socialism would have been a mend system for the United States is something that we all have to just imagine. I sham despite the evils that capitalism whitethorn present, one cannot deny that capitalism is not such a bad thing, considering how much growth it has brought to this country. We all just have to be wary of possible corruptions and act upon these when spotted. QUESTIONS FOR GRAPES OF WRATH 1. Who was deception Steinbeck?Why did he write his book? What was there in the authors background or the time period of the books writing that might have led him to write the book? Living in atomic number 20 most of his life (with just a brief stay in New York), potty Ste inbeck has been exposed to the events that went down in Californian history. Grapes of Wrath was a direct result of the happenings that transpired in America during the 1930s. With the Great Depression come home over the Dust Bowl states of Oklahoma and Texas, many of the farmers migrated to California.Steinbeck was a witness as to how California became crowded, making job and food scarce for the migrant farmers who became cognize as Okies. 3. What is the time period of the books action? The books action occurs mostly in the 1930s mostly 1930s when the migration of the Okies to California and when the discrimination occurred. 4. What were the attractions of California? Are there any parallels today? California was seen as the salvation of the Okies farmers. It was a land that promised fertile lands which gibed to jobs.Though California is no longer the agricultural land that it once was, it still is a refuge for people who want to get good employment. Instead of lands to till, C alifornia offers movie studios that equate to jobs for aspiring actors and actresses. 5. What was the opposition to the Okies? Was any of it valid? The local Californians were greatly opposed to the Okies because they saw the migrants as threats wanting to take over the land as they once had over the Mexicans. Though total land domination was not what the Okies intended, 6. When was the book written? Why is that relevant?First published in 1939, Grapes of Wrath was penned in 1938. The time period is relevant as it tells a lot as to why Steinbeck chose the subject matter for the novel. 7. To what does the title of the book refer? Grapes of Wrath refers to the fruits of wrath. John Steinbeck wants to communicate the good thing about maintaining a sense of anger towards people who intend to clip your wings or who attempt to trample your dignity. Theres this line in the novel that clearly depicts this as long as fear turn to wrath when fear turns to wrath, self-respect is maintained. 9 .How well did the book expose what some would call the social ills of the nation? Many have criticized the book to be merely a sentiment rather than a true exposure of the social ills of America during the time of its publication. However, its continuing popularity to date not just with casual readers but with students as well reflects just how effective Steinbeck was in exposing the ills of society. Even though the story was something central to the setting, the morals and themes exposed still rings true at present times, making Grapes of Wrath a genuinely classic story. 10.Do you bet the book is an accurate reflection of America at that time? Why or why not? I guess even with the contention from some Americans, Grapes of Wrath is an accurate reflection of 1930s America. With the Great Depression dawning over America, one cannot blame the people for universe selfish and doubtful of other people. And though Steinbecks novel is considered fiction, the stories portrayed in it ar e those that have been painted in history books as well. 11. What have been some of the racial criticisms of Steinbeck? Why? In this novel, John Steinbeck focuses on white racism.He mostly deals with a rich white to poor white discrimination. He wanted to paint the discrepancy between the rich and poor at that time. Though he also touched on discrimination of the black Americans in Chapter 19, Why, Jesus, theyre as dangerous as niggers in the South If they ever get together there aint nothin thatll stop em. Steinbeck wanted to reiterate the fact that racism exists and that it is still an issue Americans have to address. 12. What does the book say about the state of socialism or communism in America at that time? What are the authors greatest criticisms of capitalism?Are they valid? Explain. John Steinbeck portrayed America in a state of excitementricted capitalism. His greatest critique of this kind of philosophy is that the haves continually drive the have nots into extreme pover ty. Because of inconsideration and a desire to constantly acquire more wealth, the landowners and bank people deprive the diminutive landowners and share-croppers of the base needs of survival, such as the case with oranges being spilled with kerosene. Basing on accounts of the Great Depression, one can say that Steinbeck did paint a realistic picture. prone that, one can say that his criticisms are valid in that they mandatory attention from the people and action towards change. 13. If the authors points are valid regarding problems depicted in the book, then why werent there more violent uprisings? Violent uprisings were not possible given the fact that most of the poor people have survival as their primary concern. With families starving, small landowners and share-croppers worry more about where their next meal leave behind come from rather than how they can better their lives through insurgency. 14. Do you think Steinbeck supported or rejected the New Deal? Explain.Explain w hat the book has to say about the effects of technology, both negatively charged and positive. Though the ending of Grapes of Wrath shadows Steinbecks belief that communism may be a better way of living (the breastfeeding scene tells that sharing of resources is a better option as compared to capitalism), I think Steinbeck may have accepted the New Deal in that it aimed to put a control over capitalism. 15. How did the philosophy of Jim Casey, who some critics say embodied the ideas of Steinbeck more than any other character, fit the philosophy of the New Deal? Jim Casey was the voice of reason in Grapes of Wrath.His philosophy meshes well with the New Deal as it speaks of how Steinbeck wanted structure in the capitalism ruling over America. New Deal streamlines programs that provide attempt at balancing the scale that at that time favors the rich and tip it to favor the oppressed. 16. What did you like most and least about the book? Steinbecks novel had overly many characters th at one needs to keep track of. However, his point of view and manner of narration was effective, making one crave for the pages to come. 17. What was the most important and/or interesting thing(s) you learned from reading the book?Much like Upton Sinclairs The Jungle, The Grapes of Wrath makes one see into commercialism as not entirely the evil that everyone may lead to believe. Proper control of the businesses and willingness in everyone to sustain from each one other out is just what we need to make capitalism work and to have it fair for all involved. 18. Why did some Americans not like the book? Some, if not most, Californians and Oklahomans at the time of publication did not appreciate Grapes of Wrath because of the mentation that they were poorly if not wrongly represented in the novel.They argue that the books depiction of the events were not true to life. 20. Are there any points you would have liked to see genuine more in the book? I would have liked to see more of wh at kind of steps Steinbeck wanted America to partake. It would have been a more effective read had there been more suggestions as to what the citizens or government needed to do to alleviate poverty. 21. Would you commend this book to others? Why or why not? I would certainly recommend this book to others because I enjoyed reading it. It gave me a look into American history that I never would want to be repeated in present times.Given this, it made me realize what I need to do to prevent history from repeating itself. 22. Are there any other points you would like to make that were not addressed above? I guess all points have been discussed in the above questions. QUESTIONS FOR IN RETROSPECT, The disaster and Lessons of Vietnam 1. Who was Robert McNamara? Why did he write his book? Robert McNamara was the United States 8th depositary of Defense. The book IN RETROSPECT The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam was born out of his experiences as the Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam war. 2.What are topics covered in the book? What is the books time period? Why? After a brief autobiography of his life up to the point when he was appointed by hot seat John F. Kennedy as Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara went on to discuss everything he k crude about the Vietnam War. In each chapter, he outlined how America came to a point of deep involvement with South Vietnams fight against succumbing to communism. He detailed JFKs decisions and on to President Lyndon B. Johnsons plans on Vietnam. Since this is mostly about the Vietnam War, the book covers the 1960s. 3.What were the arguments for staying in Vietnam during the 1950s and 60s? JFKs reason for involvement in Vietnam is containment, suppressing communism and ensuring American influence in Asia. When JFK started to withdraw U. S. troops in Vietnam, he was shortly assassinated. When LBJ took over, U. S. troops were still highly visible in Vietnam. On top of pressure for more soldiery support, LBJs reason was that he wanted to retaliate for attacks on the American presence in Vietnam. 4. What does McNamara say are the false assumptions the U. S. had about the Vietnam War in the early and mid 1960s?Being a strong to reckon with, America has falsely assumed that it can single-handedly prevent communism and help South Vietnam fight off the force of the North. What America failed to see was that it needed the support of other nations regarding the causes being fought in the Vietnam War. Also, America thought South Vietnam needed Americans to fight their war when in fact all they would have needed was mere aid. 5. Why did the U. S. escalate the war in the mid 1960s? The attacks on the U. S. troops at the Tonkin Gulf led to the escalation of the war in 1965.6. What does McNamara say were some of the basic questions we failed to ask and answer before committing U. S. forces in Vietnam? McNamara listed the following basic questions that we failed to ask ourselves before involving ourselves deeper into the Vietnam War (a) Was it true that the fall of South Vietnam would trigger the fall of all Southeast Asia? (b) Would that constitute a grave threat to the Wests protection? (c) What kind of war conventional or guerrilla might develop? (d) Could we win it with US troops fighting alongside the South Vietnamese?And (d) Should we not know the answers to these questions before deciding whether to commit troops? 7. Why does McNamara feel that a greater U. S. military effort in Vietnam would have been disastrous? McNamara felt that escalating war in Vietnam will have its grave effects mostly because the effort will not be something that the Congress has agreed upon, leading to unrest from the American people. Also, the fact that America has failed to answer the five basic questions prove that America really is yet un construct to take things a step further in Vietnam. 8.Are there any lessons from the Vietnam War that might have significance for Americas current policy in Iraq? T hough unified capital of New Hampshire on a looming war is impossible, America should have learned from Vietnam the lesson that the nation needs to be unified in the causes of a war. Also, America should wholly ready in facing any impending war instead of making head-on collisions without any preparations. 10. What is the most important thing you learned from the book? The book taught me about a period in my countrys time that I was not able to bear witness to.It made me understand as to why Americans had the sentiments about Vietnam and why the same sentiments are being applied to Iraq. 11. Did you like the book? Why or why not? Though the book was a historical account rather than a fictional stab at past events like the books above, I did enjoy reading it. It also made me look into events that have unfolded as of late. 12. What sources did the author use to make his points? McNamara pointed to his own experiences to drive his point. 13. Does the author achieve what he set out to do?I think Robert McNamara was fairly effective in opening the eyes of the nation to the truths about the Vietnam War. The objective was achieved because for the first time, Americans were able to get a perspective from an insider. It was a relief to actually get an admission of the mistakes of the Vietnam War straight from the author of the Vietnam War himself. 14. Are there any points you would have liked to see developed in the book more? I guess the book pretty much covered all bases, especially since we were getting an insiders perspective. 15.What have you learned from reading this book? I have learned that by looking deep into the inner workings of the Vietnam War will prevent America from making the same mistakes over again. Also, I learned that a deliberation of the nations actions will yield better results than making hurried decisions. 16. Would you recommend this book to others? Why or why not? To any American who cares to have a glimpse of one of the most eventful perio ds of America, I will recommend this book because this is a really good insight to the Vietnam War. Also a lot of lessons can be learned from it. 17.Are there any other comments you would like to make that were not addressed above? None, everything has been said above. QUESTIONS FOR THE KITE RUNNER 1. What is the time frame and location of the book? Kite get-go takes us to Afghanistan during the last days of monarchy (1973) into recent times. We also get glimpses of America but the story mostly occurs in Afghanistan. 2. What did you learn about the history of Afghanistan from reading the book? Afghanistans history is very much described by socioeconomic class, with the lower classes having little to almost no hope of moving up the ladder.Discrimination was central to the poor and this discrimination led to uprisings and upheaval of monarchy. I have also learned how the history of Afghanistan was riddled with a lot of paroxysm such as civil war and the Soviet invasion. I also got a glimpse of how the Talibans started to try and take control. 3. What did you learn about the Cold War? The Cold War left Afghan in a more turbulent state, having been in the center of two superpowers desire to take over. Having acquired help from Soviet Union, Afghanistan became sort of a target for the U.S. , who saw an opportunity to bring down the communist country. 4. What did you learn about the immigrant experience from reading the book? Did it support or change your views about immigrants? The book supported my view about immigrants. Immigrants are not entirely a trouble to a country, as one may have been led to believe by previous media works. Immigrants, who have as much difficulty leaving their homelands as settling in a new place, can actually contribute something good to the country. Amir, in one hand, lived in America righteously. 5.What part of the book was the most memorable or meaningful to you? For me, the part where Amir tells Sohrab about his cause Hassan is the most memorable part of the book. Not only was it emotionally-laden but any child who has had a good relationship with his/her father can relate to it. It proves that bonds within families are the most important of all. 6. Farid (Amirs driver) tells Amir that Amir has always been a tourist in Afghanistan he just didnt know it (page 323). Do you agree or not? Why? Do you think its true for you in your country? I do agree with what Farid told Amir.Amirs story is not a story that tells what a normal Afghan will go through during the time of the storys writing. Amir was born of money, something that only a few Afghans have the privilege of having. I dont think I am like Amir though, because my lifestyle and family stature are what one can describe as being in the middle spectrum of American society. 7. What did you learn about Afghanistan and the put East from reading this novel? I learned that the turbulences that we hear in the news of Afghanistan and the Middle East are something t hat has deep roots in the nations histories. 9.Were you surprise to read about the racial tension between the Pashtuns and Hazaras? Why do you think the oppression existed? Does it have parallels in America? I guess I can say that I was surprised to read about the racial tension between Pashtuns and Hazaras. I think the oppression came from the fact that the majority root word (Pashtuns) wanted to eliminate the minority (Hazaras). This was mainly because they had different beliefs and they wanted one belief to reign supreme. Though in present-day America, this kind of oppression no longer exists, one can recall the kind of racial tension during the American Civil War.10. Did the end of the book express hope for the future? Why or why not? The ending, for me, presented a lot of hope as I think Sohrabs little smile is a step towards achieving better things not only for Sohrab himself but for Afghanistan and the Afghanis. Amir allowing a link of the past and the present and a reversal of roles symbolizes the fact that if one is willing to give way, things will eventually be better. 11. How did the book get its title? Who was the kite runner? The original kite runner was Hassan.The act of flying a kite expresses controlled emancipation as flight is controlled by that string that binds it. 12. What did you like most and least about the book? The book was generally a sad one, painting stories that are almost heart-wrenching. But since it was a book that presents hope and is a book that has great potential to move people into action, I loved reading it. 13. Why did Baba like Ronald Reagan? Why do you think the neighbors disliked the president? Known for his acceptance of immigration, it was but natural that Baba liked Ronald Reagan.The neighbors, though, disliked the president because he was cognize to have passed policies that sank America into greater poverty. Babas neighbors blamed the president for the oppressed state they were in. 14. Who are the Taliban and how are they portrayed in the book? Do you think the portrayal is accurate? The Talibans were portrayed as the bad people, being shown to do random killings and unjust executions. If one is to believe the things being aired in the news, one can say that the portrayal was accurate. Given that the story was written by an Afghan, one may also assume that the portrayal can only ring the truth.15. The book talks a lot about courage. Cite some examples of how courage was displayed. Who do you think was the most courageous character? I think the most courageous character was Hassan. His acts of covering up for Amir and standing up against the Talibans are prime examples of courage. 16. With which character did you feel the greatest trammel? Why? I had the greatest attachment to Hassan. He was a real friend and a real admirable character, making him someone that people easily want to know. Please let me know if you have any further question.

Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse and PTSD Study

Intimate furnish unrestrained Abuse and PTSD StudyAbstractThe psychological shame of workforce by their fellows has been acknowledged as an important form of first mate vilification in domestic delirium research. There is dearth of psychological research on horny crime of viriles by their confidant partners. The sample comprised of 150 males (equal number of married and widowed/ in an loose relationship), in the age range of (18-30 years old). Guttman Emotional Abuse Questionnaire and Impact of Event Scale (Weiss Marmar) were used. Analysis of data showed that the allude partner ruttish mistreat and PTSD were authoritatively correlated. The results revealed that work force can be victims of intimate partner ruttish abuse leading to PTSD. Wo workforce were perpetrators of this figure of abuse in all told cases. Results in any case showed that the participants who were married had higher(prenominal) PTSD symptoms than unmarried men and significantly less likely to arrest PTSD and also unmarried participants had higher levels of emotional abuse than married participants.Keywords Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse, PTSD, custody, Victim. approachAnintimate relationship is aninterpersonal relationshipthat involves naturaloremotional intimacy.1 Intimate partner violence (IPV), which includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of one partner by another, is a national social and health problem affecting thousands of individuals and families. 2 Women typically suffer more physical and psychological injuries than men who experience egg-producing(prenominal) perpetrated violenc.3, 4 Male victims of domestic violence hurl been seriously neglected in public policy, but they are not rare at all, theyre scantily less likely to report it.5 However, the researchers nonplus revealed the importee of IPV on male victims, preciseally the show of psychological abuse against men.4, 6, 7Walker described sextet components of emotional abuse (a)verba l attacks (ridicule, verbal harassment, name calling) (b)isolation (social or financial) (c)jealousy/possessiveness (even with family, friends, and pets) (d)verbal threats of harm, abuse, or torture (e)threats to divorce, abandon, or arouse an affair and (f)damage to or destruction of personal property.8 Emotional abuse is very common and extremely damaging to victims. Many of IPV survivors have asserted that emotional abuse is worse than physical abuse and has long-lasting effects.9 Emotional abuse is a significant predictor of post traumatic distort incommode (PTSD), and negative mood and psychosomatic complaints. 10Studies of female victims of IPV have repeatedly shown that physical IPV leading to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder 11,12,13,14,15,16 but amidst 25% and 50% of victims of physical IPV in a given year are men.2, 17, 18 The friendship surrounded by psychological abuse and negative health outcomes in men required more exploration in future to better unders tand this stand. Studies showed that in intimate partner relationship, one of the strongest predictors for violence is the experience of violence in the family. Intimate partner abuse is a learnt pattern of behavior, so abusiveness is not a lack of control and it is not an illness. 19According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual DSM-IV, PTSD is a psychiatric condition that copy the experience of a traumatic incident, the symptoms tend to cluster on three dimensions persistent reexperiencing of the trauma, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, and persistent increased arousal.20 Many people who experience a traumatic event having at least some symptoms of PTSD.11,12,14,15 Although psychological or mild physical IPV can elicited posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. 11,13,14,16 mental abuse strongly associated with PTSD as compare to physical IPV.21 Hines and Saudino found that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological than phy sical aggression toward male partners. 22 Researchers like Randle and Graham have demonstrated the emotionally abused men can experience depression, psychological distress and PTSD.23 Hines and Douglas also noted the associations mingled with emotional abuse and post traumatic stress symptoms in men.24Method2.1. ParticipantsParticipants consisted of (n=150) males with equal number of married and unmarried (in a relationship with female partner).The data for the study was collected from DAV College, Government College for boys in Chandigarh, India. Participants had to be between the ages of 18-35 years old. They also had to have been involved in an intimate relationship at least for 4-5 years.2.2. actionParticipants were given the questionnaires regarding demographics, aggressive behaviors that they and their female partners may have used and more detailed information regarding their last argument (if applicable), their mental health and various hazard factors.2.3. Measures2.3.1. Gottman Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (GEAQ)This test developed by Gottman and Gottman in (2009) at the Gottman Institute, it consist of 25 items with two choice of true and false answers. Reliability and hardiness of test are satisfied.The IES-R was developed in Weiss and Marmar (1997) to reflect the DSM-IV criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The original Impact of Events Scale (IES) predated the adoption of PTSD as a authorized diagnosis in the DSM-III of 1980 and mensurable two of the four DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. However, the response format in the IES assesses the frequency of symptoms (not at all = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes = 3 and often = 5) and was changed in the IES-R to measure symptom severity (0 = not at all, 1 = a little bit, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit and 4 = extremely).2.3.4 SociodemographicsMen were asked basic demographic information themselves and their partners including age, income, education, occupation and also asked to the highest degr ee current status of their relationship (Married, Unmarried, divorce, Cohabitation) and how some(prenominal) children involved in that relationship.Statistical epitomeData analyses were completed using SPSS version 8.0 Software. Descriptive statics viz, mean and standard deviation was performed. Pearson r was used to find the co- relationship between intimate partner emotional abuse and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and t-tests was used to find the differences in married and unmarried men.Results3.1. Differences between samples in Demographics, Intimate Partner Emotional Abuse (IPEA) and other mediatorsThe differences between the married and unmarried samples in demographic characteristics showed that, in monetary value of overall violence, unmarried men had a higher prevalence of violence than married men. Marital status showed that unmarried men were more likely to be young compared to married men. Married and unmarried men also differed in respect to education. Unmarri ed men were also much more likely to have had a previous marriage and in terms of relationship, unmarried men were much more likely to have short duration relationship compared to married men. Also women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse in all cases.3.2. Correlations between an intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSDThe investigation revealed that men who binded IPEA had a greater likelihood of reaching PTSD, the analysis showed that the association between IPEA and PTSD were significant (.843**) at level of 0.01. Then we divided the samples into two groups married (n=75) and unmarried (n=75) to obtain the correlation between IPEA and PTSD in unmarried men and unmarried men separately. Table 1 contains the mean, standard deviation and standard error mean of emotional abuse and PTSD for some(prenominal) married and unmarried and indicates the t-test to find the differences of emotional abuse and PTSD in married and unmarried men.Table 1.The obtained mean and standar d deviations and t-ratio are presented.Significant at pTable 2.Correlation between IPEA and PTSD**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level(2-tailed).In table 2 showed that there is significantly positive relationship between intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD, it means that the higher intimate partner emotional abuse is a higher PTSD among men.Table 3.Correlation of intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) and PTSD in Married and Unmarried**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).Table 3 showed that the correlation between emotional abuse and PTSD in married and unmarried men. Results indicates that correlation between emotional abuse and PTSD in married men were significant (.709**) at level 0.01 and unmarried men were positively significant (866**) at level 0.01.4. DiscussionToday, IPV is recognized as a serious problem, which affects the personal and familial well-being.25 Straus reported that men are not considered traditional victims of inti mate partner violence, but between 2007 and 2009, male who denounced cases of IPV in Porto, compute for a applicable portion of all the victims of IPV.26 General knowledge about this phenomena has increased over the years, therefore, it is expected that the number of victims who look for help become more. In so many cases, men did not report that they have abused by their intimate partner, particularly because they afraid of being an object of ridicule.25, 27 In a specific society, it is expected that men are not abused by women, but currently in western societies, where there is greater gender equality, the rate of male victims of IPV is significant.28The present study, the first is to investigate the associations between PTSD and Intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA) victimization among men which provides that the PTSD is a major apprehension among men who sustain IPEA. In addition, comparing the married and unmarried men and their association with PTSD then we are able to fig ure out the differences between married and unmarried who are emotionally abused and also suffering from PTSD.A study examined PTSD symptoms in male and female survivors of IPV.21 Psychological abuse was strongly associated with PTSD as compare to physical IPV. Concerns with male victims of IPV, findings showed that women are more likely to perpetrate psychological than physical aggression toward male partners.22 In support of previous research, this research found that for both samples (married and unmarried men) who sustain IPEA were significantly high on PTSD.21,29, 6 The model for this sample was congruent with what others have found regarding the influence of prior history of abuse, sustaining trauma, and social support on PTSD.30Consistent with past studies which showed that cohabiters, generally have a higher risk of violence than married.31,32,33,34,35 The current study found that cohabiting men have an elevated risk of experiencing IPEA as compared to married men. However the results showed that when comparing married and unmarried men, married men, who sustain IPEA, were significantly less likely to experience PTSD than those who were in an intimate relationship.Typically women suffer more physical and psychological injuries than men.3,4,7 However, researchers have found the significance of IPV on male victims.4,6 In the current study the perpetrators were all women. According to these studies, women are as capable as men to perpetrate violence against their intimate partners and they do it more frequently. 36,37,38According to demography, the study supports this concept as well. In addition to PTSD being exponentially higher in unmarried men, associations between PTSD and IPEA were somehow different. Regarding violence, unmarried men had a higher prevalence than married men of reporting having experienced violence. Marital status in unmarried men was more likely to be young compared to married men. In terms of education, married and unmarried men a lso were differed. Unmarried men were also much more likely to have had a previous marriage and in terms of relationship, unmarried men were much more likely to have short duration relationship compared to married men.4.1. Study limitationsThe limitations of current study need to be considered to future research. First, this is a correlation study, so assumption about causality cannot be strongly enacted. and third, Second, by analyzing the mens reports of IPEA, it is possible that the men overestimated their female partners use of IPEA so we have no guarantee of the realness of their reports thus future studies should seek to obtain information from both sides.4.2. ConclusionsThe results of this study allowed us to conclude that men can be victims of intimate partner emotional abuse (IPEA). Analysis showed that the association between intimate partner emotional abuse and PTSD were significant and in all cases women were perpetrators of this kind of abuse. Results also showed that t he participants who were married had higher PTSD symptoms than unmarried men and significantly less likely to experience PTSD and also unmarried participants had higher levels of emotional abuse than married participants. The results of this study and other works indicate that this may be the most fruitful way to provide treatment for men who have experienced IPEA and present with PTSD symptoms.References1. Miller R, Perlman D. Intimate Relationships. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages 2008.2. Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to male intimate partner violence as measured by the National force Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women 2000 6 142161.3. Archer J. Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 2000 126(5) 651680.4. Hines DA, Malley-Morrison K. Psychological effects of partner abuse against men A neglected research area. Psychology of Men m aleness 2001 2(2) 7585.5. National Coalition For Men (NCFM ) http//ncfm.org/know-the-issues/mens-rights-issues/ 2014 (last accessed on 5th July2014).6. Hines DA. Post-traumatic stress symptoms among men who sustain partner violence A multinational study of university students. Psychology of Men Masculinity 2007 8 225239.7. Holtzworth-Munroe A. Male versus female intimate partner violence Putting findings in context. ledger of conjugal union and Family 2005 671120 1125.8. Walker LE. The Battered Woman Syndrome, Springer Publishing Company, New York 1984.9. kill S, Graham-Berman SA. Women abuse and self-affirmation Influences on womens self-steem. Violence against women 2000 6(2)78-97.10. Arias I, Pape KT. Psychological abuse implications for adjustment and commitment to leave violent partners. Violence Vict 1999 14(1)55-67.11. Astin B, Lawrence KJ, Foy DW. Posttraumatic stress disorder among battered women chance and resiliency factors. Violence and Victims 19938(1)1728.12. Casc ardi M, OLeary KD, Lawrence EE, Schlee KA. Characteristics of women physically abused by their spouses and who seek treatment regarding marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 199563(4)616623.13. Housekamp BM, Foy DW. The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 19916367375.14. Kemp A, Rawlings EI, Green BL. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in battered women A shelter sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress 19914137148.15. Saunders DG. Post-traumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women A comparison of survivors in two settings. Violence and Victims 199493144.16. Woods S, Isenberg MA. interlingual rendition as a mediator of intimate abuse and traumatic stress in battered women. Nursing Science Quarterly 200114215221.17. Cook PW. treat men The hidden side of domestic violence (2nd ed.). Westport, CT Praeger 2009.18. Stith S, Straus MA. Trends in cultural norms and rates of partner violence. http// pubpages.unh.edu/mas2/V56.pdf 1995. (last accessed on 20th July2014).19. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. Intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence. Truma, violence, abuse 2002 3(3), 210-225.20. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed text revision. Washington, DC Author 2000.21. Coker AL, Weston R, Creson DL, Justice B, Blakeney P. PTSD symptoms among men and women survivors of intimate partner violence The role of risk and protective factors. Violence and Victims 200520625643.22. Hines DA, Saudino KJ. Gender differences in psychological, physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the Revised mesh Tactic Scales. Violence and Victims 200318 197217.23. Randle AA, Graham CA. A review of the evidence on the effects of intimate partner violence on men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 201112(2)97-111.24. Hines DA, Douglas EM. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in men who sustain intimate partner violence A study of helpseeking and community samples. Psychology of Men Masculinity 201112(2)112-127.25. Carmo R, Grams A, Magalhes T. Men as victims of intimate partner violence. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 2011 18(8)355-359.26. Straus MA. Womens violence toward men is a serious social problem. In Loseke DR, Gelles RJ, Cavanaugh MM, editors. Current controversies on famlly violence, 2nd ed. Newbury Park Sage Publications 2005. P.55-77.27. Felson RB, Par P. The reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police. J Marriage Fam 200567597-610.28. Archer J. Cross-cultural difference in physical aggression between partners A social-role analysis. Personality and Social Review 200610(2)133 153.29. Dansky BS, Byrne CA, Brandy KT. Intimate violence and post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with cocaine dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 199925 257268.30. Fontana A, Rosenheck R. PTSD among Vietnam theater veterans A ca usal model of etiology in a community sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994182677684.31. Anderson KL. Gender, status, and domestic violence An integration of feminist and family violence approaches. Journal of Marriage and the Family 199759(3)655-669.32. Brinkerhoff, M. B., Lupri, E. Interspousal violence. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 198813(4)407-434.33. capital of Mississippi NA. Observational experiences of intrapersonal conflict and teenage victimization A comparative study among spouses and cohabitors. Journal of Family Violence 199611(3)191-203.34. Stets JE. Cohabiting and marital aggression The role of social isolation. Journal of Marriage and the Family 199153(3)669-680.35. Stets JE, Straus MA. The marriage license as a hitting license A comparison of assaults in dating, cohabiting, and married couples. Journal of Family Violence 19894(2), 161-180.36. Swan SC, Gambone LJ, Caldwell JE, Sullivan TP, Snow DL. A review of research on womens use of violence with m ale intimate partners. Violence and Victims 200828301-14.37. Dutton DG, Nicholas TL, Spidel A. Female Perpetrators of Intimate Abuse. Women Who Perpetrate Relationship Violence Moving Beyond Political Correctness. Pp. 1-31. Available online at http//lab.drdondutton.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/DUTTON-NICHOLLS-AND-SPIDEL-2005-FEMALE-PERPETRATORS-OF-INTIMATE-VIOLENCE.pdf 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. (last accessed on 20th sep2014).38. Carney M, Buttell F, Dutton D. Women who perpetrate intimate partner violence a review of the books with recommendations for treatment. Aggress Violent Beh 200712108-15.

Indicators of Motivation | Research Methodology

Indicators of Motivation Research Methodology1.1 REASON FOR SELECTING THE TOPIC AND THE ORGANIZATIONMotivation among employees in a certain g everywherenance has been tending(p) immense importance for the success of that organization these days. Especi tout ensembley in the rapidly changing world, without identifying the railway cardinal indicators in the motive of employees, their commitment towards the flex can non be achieved. Therefore, slice I was going through the various topics suggested in the RAP guidelines provided by Oxford Brookes University, as soon as I came across this topic, I instantly contumacious to run short on it for my research project after having discussed it with my mentor.As far as selection of the company is concerned, I felt that Coca-Cola beingness an international trademark that has gained loyalty among the masses, could actu totallyy be of great interest to base my research on. Moreover, I personally knew a relative of mine who is currently an employee at Coca-Cola. He had told me that the companys human resource department since the past a couple of(prenominal) years has been doing a piling to increase employee motivation and commitment towards the organization. accord to its official website, the company has a portfolio of over 3,300 products, among which the popular ones ar Coca Cola soft drink, Sprite, Fanta, Diet Coke, Minute Maid juice, Aquarius mineral water and POWERADE energy drink. The company is currently pains to research on low calorie products and to substitute sweeteners in place of sugar considering the fact the race piddle now become much health conscious towards their diet. Moreover, Coca-Cola had revenue generation of $8.7 billion in the year 2010 and has targeted to achieve $500 million annual sales by the end of 2011 (Alazraki, 2010).Other than that, I had studied about divergent motivational theories in text books during my school life, so applying it to a global organization would actual ly make me learn how to transform scheme into practice. Since I already knew one of the employees tending at Coca-Cola, doing compendium on this company was particularly easier as well as accessible for me, which facilitated in change magnitude the power of my project.1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVESThe objectives of my research project were as followsTo last about the history of Coca-Cola, how it started and where it stands now, along with the developments that took place in its human resource.To study the fall upon vari able-bodieds that contact motivational level of employees such as progression, personal growth, status, independence and simulation.To identify what initiatives harbour been taken by the company to increase its employee motivational level, and relating it to different motivational theories.To comp be its initiatives with the techniques utilize by its competitors.To make a questionn assembly linee based on my research topic and get it filled by the employees at Coc a-Cola to obtain out what variables effect their motivational level and how far argon they satisfied with their work.Analyzing the questionnaire, supporting it with graphical representation and alike finding out the concussion of the key indicators on motivational level of the employees.Commenting on the research findings.Drawing a conclusion from it.Suggesting some(prenominal) realistic recommendations that can be implemented in the future.1.3 search QUESTIONS AND OVERALL RESEARCH APPROACHBefore starting with my research, it was extremely important for me to frame reasonable research questions that would inspection and repair me answer my research project. So, I essential the following questions that could help me answer by research approachHave I completely understood the topic of my report?What information do I need to have, before I visit the organization?What are they key variables, usually, that help in employee motivation?What will be the sample size of my depth psych ology? Is it large enough? Will I be able to manage such a large sample?Will I be able to apply statistical calculations effectively to analyze the questionnaire?Are my questions relevant enough to match my project objectives?Therefore, after identifying the questions, I tackled with each question one by one to make sure that I am not missing out on anything. I was also referring to the ACCA Project guideline constantly to pass off my objectives clear and to strictly go according to what is required from the research project. I then had to decide on what sort of tools to physical exertion for carrying out the research and whether I was familiar with those tools or not. Technical tools included use of spreadsheets and victimisation statistical features available on different softwares to calculate the results and facilitate its comparison.A questionnaire was built up based on the research question in which I had posed such questions where I had preyn appropriate ranges that woul d not only help employees in answering easily, exactly would also help me in interpretation and analysis of the data. Moreover, giving ranges had increased the reliability and relevancy of the data. The questionnaire was made to judge the key variables and factors that define the motivational level of employees at Coca-Cola. The sample size taken to fill in the questionnaire was cc. A large sample size was taken so that more than accurate results could be obtained by considering opinions of maximum pattern of employees. I also made a point to stay constantly in touch with few of the employees of Coca-Cola so that they are aware of how much important this project means to me and how much carefully and accurately they need to fill in the questionnaire.In accession to this, I made a point to compare each result with that of its competitors, so that my research becomes more relevant. I apply various websites from the internet as my stakeary research to find out information Coca- Colas competitors. Thus, deciding on proper sources of information, making a close-ended questionnaire from where maximum answers to my research can be put forwarded and analyzing that questionnaire with the help of technical skills and reasonable comparison, were my staple fiber steps in take oning the research.INFORMATION GATHERING AND BUSINESS TECHNIQUES USED2.1 SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND METHODS USED TO COLLECT IT2.1.1 Secondary sourceThe basic secondary sources of information used in information gathering were the internet and the text books I had, in which different motivational theories were discussed in great detail. focal point by Daft and Business Studies by Peter Stimpson were the two main books I frequently referred to while working on my project. Moreover, for my own understanding of these theories in a better way, I also referred to Psychology in Action written by Karen Huffman. I had also reviewed some sample reports to understand completely, how to interpret resu lts or in what manner people, usually, write interpretations and gave recommendations. Different and very interesting words were also available online that enriched my knowledge and made it easier for me to understand the whole scenario existing in the organization, thus, helping me in interpreting the results.The official website of Coca-Cola was also a major source to gain information about the history of the company and to access some published articles, which discussed the accomplishments of Coca-Colas HR department in motivating the employees reach their organizational goals. After referring to these sources, contra-verification was done in order to ensure that the particular website or article is providing the accurate information.2.1.2 Primary sourceAfter building upon the secondary research and gathering sufficient information about the company, I then did the immemorial research. To conduct my primary research, I designed a questionnaire about which I discussed ear catch ones breathr. Before starting with the survey, I had arranged a meeting with the HR conductor of Coca-Cola to have an overview about the workings of their department and to brief him about my research project. The meetings with him also acted as a source of gaining information on the factors they considered important to influence motivation of their employees and how far has the company been able to address those factors. Incase of any incomplete information, I then over again referred to the authentic websites to find out the details. statistical techniques were used to analyze the raw data obtained.2. 2 LIMITATIONS IN INFORMATION GATHERINGThe internet While browsing the net, we usually come across a lot of irrelevant and unauthentic websites in that respectfore, I had to be very careful in avoiding such websites to ensure authenticity of information. It was also very time-consuming to visit many websites and select information that best suited my research. Referencing material from electronic media was also an issue, as the originality of the source was sometimes in doubt. Also, the information gathered had to undergo a lot of editing so that the focus of my topic was not deviated and irrelevant material could be avoided.Questionnaire Although I tried to put in straight out front questions in the questionnaire, still the information achieved from it cannot be fully reliable as employees sometimes reluctantly do not go for the right option and designedly go against their actual opinion due to their own psychological reasons. Since the sample size was large I had emailed the questionnaires to the respective employees and to get back the filled questionnaires was again time-consuming as constant reminders had to be sent and great care had to be taken to not bformer(a) them much.Interviews The initial interviews with some employees and the HR manager helped in gaining a lot of information about the company, but still not all the relevant information was pr ovided, such as the drawbacks and the issues being go about by employees. So interviews helped me in knowing about the pros of the company but not the cons. Moreover, some complex questions asked by me to the employees and the manager were either left nonreciprocal or were answered diplomatically in order to prevent disclosure of information that the company considered as confidential.Sample reports The limitation faced in reviewing sample reports was that all report used different formats according to the requirements of his/her instructor or employer. Moreover, authenticity of the information presented in the report could be questioned. The interpretations made in those reports were according to their cause matter and the same could not be applie here.2.3 ETHICAL ISSUES FACED AND HOW THEY WERE RESOLVEDOne of the main ethical issues that I faced during my research was the confidentiality of information. several(prenominal) of the information that was useful for my project coul d not be made part of it as the company considered such information as private. Secondly, employees did not actually give the true picture of the organization and only narrated all the good stuff about the company. Moreover, when comparing Coca-Colas statistics with its competitors, it was not ethical to name those competitors weaknesses and leak information without their consent, therefore, I had to be careful when interpreting my results. Also, getting questionnaires filled from such a large size was a tedious task and I had to patiently be intimate with it in order to give minimum trouble to the employees. Questionnaires had to be made according to the mental capability of the employees and such questions had to be avoided where employees feel that their weaknesses are being judged and portrayed.To overcome such problems, I firstly ensured the employees that they could fill in the questionnaires without mentioning their names. Secondly, I assured them that their opinions will be strictly used for the purpose of analyzing the research project, and would not be exploited by any means.2.4 BUSINESS AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES USED ALONG WITH THEIR LIMITATIONTo facilitate my analysis and interpretation, I used some famed motivational theories by renowned psychologists. For instance, Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory by Abraham Maslow states that gaiety of employees basic physiological needs such as adequate heat, air and a base salary, is the first step to increase his/her motivational level in the hierarchy. Following it are the dearty needs such as safe work and project security the third level comprises of belongingness needs such as relationship with co-workers the fourth step includes esteem needs such as high status and recognition and after all these needs are satisfied, the employees look for fulfillment of self-actualization needs such as growth, advancement and creativity. Thus, an employee would first command an adequate salary that could fulfill his physical needs and then he would strive to achieve the top level needs such as achievement and growth.Limitation The limitation in this theory is that employees not necessarily go through all the levels when satisfying their needs and their competency be a scuttle that a high-order need might be satisfied before the low-order need it varies from one person to another.Frederick Hergbergs two-factor theory also identifies the key indicators of motivation and the factors that lead to dissatisfaction of employees. According to this theory, if hygiene factors are poor, employees would be dissatisfied.Limitation The theory ignores the fact that their might be employees who are adaptable to poor working conditions and the hygiene factor might not be of significant importance to them if other factors such as their even up and position in the company are satisfactory.Moreover, when I was designing my questionnaire, I also kept in mind the acquired needs theory developed by David McCl leland and the schedule for reinforcement tools to be used by organizations (Daft, 2003). Acquired needs theory states that needs, such as need for achievement, power and affiliation, are not in born in a person, but are acquired by the person as time passes by. On the other hand, the reinforcement approach links the behavior with its consequences. For instance, if employees are given quits, a variable-ratio schedule should be used instead of fixed-ratio schedule, because when the number of rewards is not fixed and is dependent upon to what extent employee performed well, employees are motivated more to work harder in order to get a greater reward (Daft, 2003).Statistical techniques used and their limitationThe statistical technique used to analyze the data collected was exploratory factor analysis. Some basic tests were carried out to see if the assumptions of the techniques are applicable in our data set or not. Primary ingredient analysis was done to extract the results and ex plain deviation, and the Eigen values derived from the results were graphically represented using a Scree Plot. The variables were then grouped into components by using Varimax Rotation. Moreover, before starting the analysis, pre-testing was done through reliability analysis. The method used for reliability analysis was Cronbachs alpha.The limitations associated with these techniques there are several ways to implement different techniques, so argument exists over which technique is the nearly suitable one. Likewise, opinion diversity is there about what amount of components to use or which rotation matrix to apply. Therefore, all such limitations lead to the problem of reliability.ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS3.1 ANALYSIS3.1.1 Pre-testingThe instrument was pre-tested by getting filled 5 to 6 samples of questionnaire to discover if there were any issues with the instrument and to find out whether the questions were easily understood and comprehended. By pre-test ing, it was concluded that all respondents were at ease in responding and the instrument appealed them.Reliability analysis is done through various methods (Cronbachs alpha being one of them), and the purpose of analysis is to know whether the same set of items would result in same responses if the questions are re-administered or re-casted. The variables are considered as reliable if they are portraying stable results after being repeated a number of times (Santos, 1999).Cronbachs Alpha is the internal consistency model which is based on the average correlational statistics. The data is split into two halves and the correlation coefficient is taken out, and the average of the two values represents Cronbachs Alpha (Field, 2006). Here the value of Cronbachs Alpha is 0.839 which signifies consistency of data.3.1.2 Respondent StatisticsThe to a higher place plot displays the substance no. of people in equipment casualty of gender that have participated in our study. The total no. of sample size is 200 (N=200). Out of the sample size of 200, 128 of the total nation is represented by male and 72 respondents are females. Although, the number of females, were less as compared to males, but were enough to understand the behavior of both the genders with respect to the factors that affect the motivation level of the employees.The above draw displays the total number of people in terms of age that participated in our study. In our analysis the total no of sample size is 200 (N=200). Out of the sample size of 200, people lying in the age bracket of 21-30 is 43 46 people lie in the bracket of 31-40 60 are in the age bracket of 41-50 40 lie in the bracket of 51-60 and only 8 of the respondents lie in the age category of above 61 years. The population division in terms of age is well diversified.The above diagram displays the total number of participants in terms of marital status. In the analysis, the total number of sample size is 200(N=200), out of which, 81 peopl e were single and 116 were married. This indicates that the population division in terms of marital status is almost disturb, however, in terms of specific numbers there were more married people as compared to single ones.The above diagram displays the total no. of people in terms of working experience that participated in our study. In our analysis the total no. of sample size is 200 (N=200). Out of this size, 123 people were having a working experience of 1-5 years 66 had it of 6-10 years and only 8 people had an experience of 11-15 years. Thus, we conclude that majority of the respondents lied in the category of 1-5 years.The above diagram displays the total number of participants in terms of designation. Out of the sample size of 200, there were 62 Junior Employees, 51 were Supervisors, 64 were working as Managers, and 20 people were working as Senior Managers. In this study, the focus was to collect the data from all the levels of organization, so that a better understanding o f the results is prepared.3.1.3 Description of the factorsThere are some basic assumptions of every test/technique that need to be fulfilled before their implementation factor analysis also has its own assumptions. The two basic assumptions of the factor analysis are the KMO value and the Bartletts Test of globosity. For the validation of factor analysis, the KMO value should be greater than 0.5 and the significant value of the Bartletts Test of Sphericity should be less than 0.05. In the above table, the value of KMO is greater than 0.5 that is 0.644 and the significant value of Bartletts Test of Sphericity is 0.000 that is less than 0.05. It means that both the basic assumptions of the factor analysis are met therefore, we can apply factor analysis on our data.Communalities table is one if the primary output of factor analysis, initially it was assumed that all the variables were equally important by assigning them value equal to one. Later on, based on the data, variables that were most important or prominent in the data set were identified. The highest extraction value gave us the idea about the variable that is most important in the analysis. The highest extraction value in the above table is 0.824 for the variable perks. Perks are the facilities granted to employees, such as day care centers, parking space, free car washes, flexible timings and vacations (Mintzer, 2006). It means that perk, available to the employees in Coca-Cola, is the most important variable in terms of enhancing the motivation level of the employees, apart from their salary and other benefits. Granting perks to employees improves the boilersuit work purlieu of the organization, making it more attractive for its employees to work for the organization. Following perks, the second most important variable is teamwork the extraction value of the variable is 0.821. Teamwork fosters a culture that increases unity, equality and collaboration in the organization. Teamwork removes any barri ers that exist between departments or divisions (Susan, 2011).Total Variance ExplainedThe Principal Component analysis was used to extract the results for the given data set. The table of total variance explains the different aspect of the analysis. Firstly, it explains the number of factors or groups that are building out of the analysis the basic measuring stick behind developing the components is Eigen Value. The components that have Eigen value equal to or greater than one would be included in the final set here we have also included the factor that has an Eigen value of 0.910 for displaying better results. As it can be observed in the above table that out of a total number of 38 components, 14 components have been formed representing the 72.706% variation of the data set. The minimum requirement of the variation explained by the factors is 60%. The above table shows the variance percentage represented by each group individually as well as collectively. The variance percentage of the first component is the maximum among all other components in the extraction square of sum loadings, but when the Varimax rotation was applied, the variation explained by all the components becomes equal, as it shows that all the formed components are of equal importance.Scree Plot is just a graphical representation of Eigen Values and components. On the x-axis we have components and on the y-axis, there are Eigen values. If we examine the above diagram in detail, it can be observed that same pattern is followed after component thirteen in the graph. Before that, the line is in curve, showing a downward trend, but after component fourteen the line becomes steeper showing a similar pattern. Scree plot, therefore, helps in identifying that what number of components should be used to be formed in the analysis. From the above diagram, maximum thirteen components would be enough to prepare the results.Rotated Component MatrixaExtraction Method Principal Component Analysis.Rotation Method Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a. Rotation converged in 26 iterations.The above table Rotated component Matrix is been developed by using Varimax rotation. Rotation of the components helps in minimizing the errors as well as biasness in the results. There are total fourteen components that have been formed. As seen in the table,The first component represents the factor equipment, visibility, and variety.The second component represents simplicity, social interaction, clarity, and bonuses.Third component factor is represented by independence, insurance, and flexibility.Fourth component includes regularity, responsibility, and power.Fifth component comprises of Location, intellectuality and organizational image.Sixth component includes teaching, competition, and tranquility.one-seventh component includes perks and pays.Eighth component consists of status and simulation.Ninth component includes personal relevance, recognition, and personal growth.Tenth component includes balan ce and contribution.Eleventh component includes security and benefits. duodecimal component has teamwork and conditions.Thirteenth component comprises of busy and jockey,The last fourteenth component consists of a single factor that is promotion.The variables in each component having highest value are also known as surrogate variables, therefore, all these variables are essential factors in affecting the motivational level of the employees. Surrogate variables also gave the idea that if they are achieved or are on the higher side, the other factors of the component will automatically be achieved or moved towards the higher side too, collectively increasing the motivation level of the employees. For e.g. if teamwork is the surrogate variable for component twelve, it means that if in any organization the teamwork is call downd, and people are joined together to work on a task or a project, it will increase the motivational level of the employees. With this, the person starts to find out good working conditions in his work too and performs much better.3.1.5 Analysis of the Factors on Gender basis Affecting MotivationThe above studied variable is one of the important variables that plays important voice in the motivation level of the employees. If we look at the above diagram, we can observe that the behavior of the equipment is same in both the genders. People working in organization either male or female consider availability of equipment equally important. If facilities such as printer, scanner, and photocopy machine, writing pad, files and other such equipments are round the clock available in the organization, it helps in speeding up their work and removes barriers that could exist in increasing their efficiency.Over here, Hergbergs two-factor theory is applicable, which considers work environment an important factor in satisfaction or dissatisfaction of employees. Availability of equipment contributes to a positive work environment that is employee-friend ly and affects their level of satisfaction including both, male and female (Daft, 2003).The above studied variable is also one of the important variables affecting the motivation level of the employees. If we look at the above diagram, we can observe that the behavior of promotion differs with respect to Gender. Promotion is the most important factor for males as compared to females. Male motivation highly differs with respect to the promotion they get. Although the median line of both the genders is equal, but the overall box plot of males is on the higher side. There are some outliers also present in the male category, but we have considered them as exceptional. Promotion is a factor that extremely plays a highly essential role in employee motivation, especially among the males. Promotion increases their focus on the work and affects their pay as well as position in the organization, thus employees after a considerable period of time desperately wait for the organization to promot e them to a higher level.Applying the reinforcement approach over here, if promotion instead of at fixed intervals and ratios, is given at variable intervals, it would increase the motivation of employees to work harder and with more focus, since the time of promotion would be unexpected. Secondly, variable ratio means that the amount of reward or the degree of promotion is variable and according to the tasks performed by a certain employee, therefore, if promotion is also given in variable ratios, it would act as a positive reinforcement tool in the organization (Daft, 2003).The above studied variable is one of the important variables that plays role in the motivation level of the employees. If we look at the above diagram, we can observe that the behavior of status is highly important for females as compared to males. Females are highly specific about the respect and status they got in the organization. In addition, this factor has a gigantic impact on their motivation level, as the median line is upward for the females. However, as compared to males, status is important but relatively less essential when compared with other factors. There are other factors that motivate males, but for females status is highly important and it affects their performance highly in the workplace.If we apply the acquired needs theory over here, it could be seen that women are not status conscious by birth, but this factor has built in them over time and status defines power, affiliation and achievement, which is to be superior above all. So, if their acquired needs are fulfilled by the organization that would be a key variable in increasing their willingness to do work. As far as males are concerned, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory could be applied, since status in Maslows hierarchy could be categorized under self-actualization, it comes after the satisfaction of other basic needs. The graph shows that having a high status is an essential key variable but there are other fact ors that males consider more important than status. According to this theory, those other factors could include pay, promotion, craft security and condition of the work place (Daft, 2003).3.2 CONCLUSIONCoca-Cola is a company that encourages a work environment that satisfies all its stakeholders existing within and outside the organization. Studying these variables helped in understanding the management techniques to be used in the organization to drive employees effectiveness and efficiency in their work. In our analysis, promotion is standing separate among all the other factors, showing that this factor is of prime importance and has a huge impact on the motivation level of the employees. Personal relevance is also one of the most important motivation factors. Employees find themselves highly motivated when they are able to use any of their personal talent, education or training in their jobs. Therefore, Coca-Cola needs to develop programs and design jobs in a way that encourages employees to show their personal talents and skills, which would then help them in performing well and boosting their enthusiasm.The analysis further concludes, that status is also one of the important aspects that directly affects the motivation level of the employees, who feel that their job is of high status and seen as a respectable one in the society. Simulation refers to the personal liking of the job work. If employee finds things to do in a job that is of his/her personal interest it improves his readiness level. If employee finds something in his/her work that he or she loves to do, then this aspect of the job increases his/her willingness to do so. Past researchers have witnessed that material reward and motivation has a direct relationship with each other. Thus, Coca-Cola needs to focus on material rewards and should plan according to the need of the employees.Further it has been witnessed, that independence of doing work is also one of the prime factors that has a huge impact on the motivation level of the employees. If the people are provided the liberty to work with less watchfulness and perform their job in a way they want to, this will surely develop their motivation in doing work. Apart from this, personal growth is also exceedingly important. Every one wants to develop him/her self with the passage of time, therefore, providing opportunity to employees to develop themselves and grow as an individual has a direct positive impact on their level of keenness.Thus, we conclude that the study has identified that a number of factors have a direct impact on the motivation level of the employees, so if proper working is done on it, it will result in a higher motivational level of the employees. Working on these factors would help Coca-Cola in enhancing their productivity of the work, as well as in improving the job satisfaction of the employees.3.3 RECOMMENDATIONSAfter a thorough analysis of my

Impact of Stroke Case Study

Impact of Stroke Case StudyIntroductionJithra is in a flash 68 years of age. Her family consists of husband, daughter, nephew and nephews wife. She has been living with left side hemiplegia caused by stroke since she was 64. As this interview went, Jithra was holding her daughters hand and slowly elaborated her newsworthiness by word experience in tears. Before an episode of stroke damaged the right side of her brain and rig her in bed for the domiciliate of her life, Jithra was living a life of a healthy person. She stated that poverty and debt were the most important factors that motivated her to wake up at 430 am on regular basis in order to prepare food and beverage for her respective customers who kindly supported her small restaurant. A cockeyed belief that she did non select any health issue strengthened by the fact that an annual physical check-up was so expensive disguised Jithra from realising how inhering it was to have her rail line insisting and blood glucose l evel regularly monitored when she aged. As now that she spends her activities of daily living in bed, press sore has become the of import concern for both Jithra and her family. Though Jithra does not complain of soreness, redness on whittle does indicate that some areas need attention. This essay will provide an overview intelligence of stroke and its negative effects posed on Jithra. Furthermore, this essay will emphasise on the intervention and prevention of pressure ulcer in depth. envision StrokeAccording to World Health Organization (2014), stroke occurs when there is an interruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain. Stroke can be divided into two major types. The first type is called haemorrhagic stroke. This type of stroke accounts for approximately 13 percent of all strokes (Brown Edward, 2012). It proves from release into the brain tissue. The bleeding caused by a rupture of blood vessels results in the leakage of blood into the brain impairing the delive ry of oxygen and nutrients. Haemorrhagic stroke can be caused by a add of disorders affecting the blood vessels. Some of which are long-standing proud blood pressure and cerebral aneurysms, a thin or weak tip on a blood vessel wall. The weak spots that cause aneurysms are usually present at birth. The development of aneurysms happens over a number of years and dont usually cause detectable problems until they break (Stroke Foundation, 2014). Jithras daughter stated that Jithra complained of guideache and nausea approximately 48 hours, particularly during periods of activity, before an episode of stroke occurred. Headache particularly distinguishes haemorrhagic stroke from ischaemic stroke. Its other symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, neurological deficits and high blood pressure (Brown Edward, 2012).The second type is called ischaemic stroke. It accounts for approximately 85 percent of all strokes. According to Brown and Edward (2012), t his type of stroke occurs as the result of partial or complete obstruction, caused by a blood back up, of a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain. This leads to an insufficient of oxygen supply and glucose needed for cellular metabolism. A clot may be formed by means of embolism or thrombosis. Both types of clotting formations can be differentiated by their characteristics. The term embolism in relation to stroke is characterised by a condition where an embolus is created in one part of the brain or the body, circulates in the bloodstream, and eventually blocks the flow of blood through a vessel in another part of the brain (Crosta, 2009). This is called embolic stroke. On the other hand, the term thrombosis is characterised by the formation of a clot resulted from fatty deposits or plaque blocking the passage of blood through the artery. This type of clot remains in one area of blood vessels without be carried throughout the bloodstream. This is called thrombotic stroke (Brown Edward, 2012).Stroke happen factors in that respect are multiple risk factors associating with stroke as according with (Brown Edward, 2012). The risk factors can be class into non-modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race and heredity. Modifiable risk factors include diabetes mellitus, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heavy alcohol consumption, hypercoagulability, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, reap hook cell disease and smoking.Jithra, at 68, was diagnosed with hypertension or high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. Age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus have played a key role in contribution to stroke. Stroke risk increases with age, doubling each decade after age 55 (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1622). The rate of atherosclerotic development is usually increased by the stress of a constantly elevated blood pressure. The term atherosclerosis is referred to as hardening of t he arteries resulting from the formation of fatty deposits or plaques. The narrowing of the blood vessels is its consequence. The carotid artery in the neck is a common site where these plaques develop and tend to break away and lodge in the vessels of the brain (Sander, 2013). Likewise, diabetes mellitus increases tendency towards the dysfunction of the inner linings of the blood vessel walls leading to an increase in the tendency towards the development of plaques. In addition, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels are highly likely among mint with diabetes mellitus (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 863).Impact of StrokeAccording to Brown and Edward (2012), stroke is a leading cause of serious, long-term disability. Jithra has been living with left side paralysis since she was 64 as a consequence of stroke. Immobility and the weakness in Jithras right arm and leg are the key limitations. She relies greatly on her family members when repositioning in bed is attempted and a combination of self-care abilities and activities of daily living, such as eating or drinking, are performed. Dysarthria, a disturbance in the muscular prevail of speech, is also experienced. Impairment may involve pronunciation, articulation and phonation. This helps explaining why Jithra feels uncomfortable communicating with strangers. As the interview went, a sudden change in sense was spotted. Persons who have had a stroke may have difficulty controlling their emotions. Emotional responses may be exaggerated or unpredictable (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1628).The daughter verbalise that Jithra some sentences cried without any reason. The interchanging surrounded by laughing and crying took only minutes to do so. Besides pressure, shearing force, friction and excessive moisture contribute to pressure ulcer formation (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001). As mentioned above that Jithra is bed-bound and greatly relies on her family members when repositioning is attempted, manual handling is used in or der to lift and move her nigh the bed. However, the incorrect techniques combined with non-supportive equipment, such as sliding sheet, have put the maintenance of Jithras skin integrity becomes much more difficult. drive ulcerationAccording to Sydney South West (2008, p. 4), pressure ulcers are defined as any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure when soft tissue is compressed in the midst of a bony prominence and an external surface for a prolonged period. Factors that influence the development of pressure ulcers include the intensity of the pressure the length of time the pressure is exerted on the skin and the ability of the tissue to tolerate the externally applied pressure. Intrinsic factors that put Jithra at risk in developing pressure ulcers consist of advanced age, malnutrition and diabetes mellitus. Extrinsic factors include pressure, shear and moisture Sydney South West (2008).InterventionAlthough the skin remains intact, the appearance of persistent redness, particul arly in sacrum, followed by itchy sensation indicates that stage one pressure ulcer has already developed. Stage one pressure ulcer can be intervened as referred to pressure ulcer intervention guidelines (Jones, 2013) by strictly maintaining the skin integrity. This can be through with(p) by relieving the externally applied pressure, protecting fragile skin and bony prominence, preventing friction and shearing and protecting skin from moisture.In relieving the externally applied pressure, a regime of repositioning combined with the use of pressure relieving devices has already been utilised by Jithras daughter. However, it might not be enough in terms of the frequency. The frequency of repositioning depends on the ability of the tissue to tolerate the externally applied pressure. In this case, Jithra should move or be repositioned frequently enough in allowing reddened area of affected skin to recover from the effects of pressure. A turn clock may be a helpful reminder of correct b ody positions and appropriate turning times. Additionally, a 30-degree side prevarication position may well be utilised for Jithra as it diverts pressure from the sacrum. Maintaining a 30-degree side lying position can simply be done by using pillow or foam positioning wedges. However, lying on the side may increase pressure on extremities, especially knees and ankles. Placing pillows between the legs helps preventing opposing knees and ankles from exerting pressure on one another (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001).In protecting fragile skin and bony prominence, an appropriate support surfaces shall be used and up to now its cost has to be taken into consideration. Poverty and debt make it very difficult for Jithra to afford buying or renting them. Charges can range from $24 to barter for a foam overlay to a daily rental fee of $125 for a highly technical therapy bed (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001, p. 75). Regardless of the variations in price, There is no scientific evidence that one sup port surface consistently works better than any others. Nevertheless, pressure points require protection whether at risk persons are in a bed or on a chair. Using pillows to bridge vulnerable areas, again simple, is an effective way to eliminate pressure. A regime of repositioning, together with the use of pillows has proved to be highly effective in protecting fragile skin and bony prominence.In preventing Jithra from friction and shearing, a family education on how friction and shearing occur and correct usage of manual handling techniques and appropriate equipment shall be provided. Shear is greatest when a health professional drags an at risk person along the surface of the sheets during repositioning or allows the person to slide from high-fowlers position. In order to minimise shearing force, the head of the bed shall not be raised exceeding a 30 degree angle, unless the patient is eating. Furthermore, friction, a precursor of shear, is commonly caused by pulling a patient ac ross the bed linen. Rubbing the protective layer of skin away increases the potential for deeper tissue damage.Excessive moisture may be the result of sweating, wound drainage, soaking during bathing and faecal and urinary incontinence. Moist skin is five times as likely to become ulcerated as prohibitionist skin. The intervention guidelines suggested that protecting skin from moisture can be done by using continence management systems, using barrier skin cream to prevent skin maceration and keeping the site clean and dry. Living in a hot and humid country like Thailand may put Jithra at a higher risk of developing pressure ulcer due to sweating. Thailand normally has its temperature sitting at around 30 degree Celsius. cardinal fans, together with the application of baby powder are used in maintaining the dryness of Jithras skin.RecommendationAccording to Jones (2013), it is highly recommended that risk assessments must be done on Jithra by using the Waterlow scale. In doing so, her body mass index is required. The scale will give a score which helps identifying if Jithra is at risk, high risk or very high risk in developing pressure ulcers. Therefore, repositioning regime can be precisely arranged in order to ensure optimum pressure redistribution. Manual handling, together with the use of equipment such as hoists or slide sheets, effectively helps avoiding shear and friction. Education on the use of the mentioned equipment shall also be provided. A dietician shall be involved in discussing knowledge of healthy diet and considering the need for food fortification and nutritional supplements. Make sure that Jithra consumes adequate fibre and well hydrated as she is more prone to constipation due to immobility.ConclusionThis can be cerebrate that the maintenance of skin integrity plays a key role in avoiding the development of pressure ulcers. Being rich or poor might not be the factors in treating and preventing pressure ulcers. This essay has shown how b eneficial it is to have carers or family members who strictly put pressure ulcer intervention and prevention guidelines into practice to reflection after Jithra. The mattress that Jithra lays her body on might not be the best that the family can afford but frequently turning and maintaining dry skin have proved in lowering the risk of developing pressure ulcers. Only stage one pressure ulcer developed though, Jithra has been suffering from disability for 4 years.ReferencesBrown, D., Edwards, H. (Eds.). (2012). Lewiss medical-surgical nursing assessment and management of clinical problems. NSW, Australia Elsevier Australia.Crosta, P. (2009). What Is Embolism? What Are The Different Types Of Embolism?. Medical News Today. Retrieved from http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153704.phpJones, D. (2013). Pressure ulcer prevention in the society setting. Nursing Standard, 28 (3) 47-55. Retrieved from http//web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.holmesglen.vic.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vi d=3sid=87c6951d-c6be-44c5-8985-c35d1918eb04%40sessionmgr4004hid=4207Maklebust, J., Sieggreen, M. (2001). Pressure Ulcers Guidelines for Prevention and Management (3rd ed.). Pennsylvania, USA Springhouse Corporation.ONeill, P. A. (2002). Caring for the Older Adult A Health Promotion Perspective. Pennsylvania, USA W.B. Saunders Company.Sander, R. (2013). Prevention and intervention of acute ischaemic stroke. Nursing Older People, 25(8), 34-39.Scott, K., Webb, M., Sorrentino, S., Gorek, B. (Eds.). (2006). Long-term care assisting Aged care and disability. NSW, Australia Elsevier Australia.Stroke Foundation. (2014). Types of Stroke. Retrieve from http//strokefoundation.com.au/what-is-a-stroke/types-of-stroke/Sydney South West Area Health Service. (2007). Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management. Retrieved fromhttp//www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/pdf/policy/pd2008008.pdfWatkins, C., Leathley, M. (2010). Setting the scene. In Williams, J., Perry, L., Watkins C. (Eds.), Acute Stroke Nursing (p p.1-16). Retrieved fromhttp//0-onlinelibrary.wiley.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/store/10.1002/9781444318838.ch1/asset/ch1.pdf?v=1t=ht43cw4ls=1791526b00be208b196d718b1c2189904267ad40World Health Organization. (2014). Stroke, Cerebrovascular Accident. Retrieved from http//www.who.int/topics/cerebrovascular_accident/en/

Affect of Computers on Society Essay -- essays research papers

Computers and Society The first modern digital computers were developed in the mid-forties for military purposes that arose during World War II. These computers filled entire rooms. They took hours to perform complex mathematical operations. In the 1970s, the first personal computers were sold. Fitting on a desktop, they were practically faster and more powerful than the computers that had once filled large rooms. Computers were also affordable to individual consumers, making it possible for many people to use them for personal, business, and donnish needs. By the mid-1990s, laptop computers capable of millions of calculations per second had been developed. Currently, close half of American homes have a personal computer, and businesses have come to rely on computers for nearly every function. Computers atomic number 18 becoming smaller and more powerful than they were. In future, it looks like computers will be used in almost every picture of peoples lives and we might not ev en realize how significant this effect might be. Lots of business owners and just common people be excited and optimistic a... Affect of Computers on Society Essay -- essays research papersComputers and Society The first modern digital computers were developed in the mid-forties for military purposes that arose during World War II. These computers filled entire rooms. They took hours to perform complex mathematical operations. In the 1970s, the first personal computers were sold. Fitting on a desktop, they were such(prenominal) faster and more powerful than the computers that had once filled large rooms. Computers were also affordable to individual consumers, making it possible for many people to use them for personal, business, and academician needs. By the mid-1990s, laptop computers capable of millions of calculations per second had been developed. Currently, nearly half of American homes have a personal computer, and businesses have come to rely on computers for nearly every function. Computers are becoming smaller and more powerful than they were. In future, it looks like computers will be used in almost every scene of peoples lives and we might not even realize how significant this effect might be. Lots of business owners and just common people are excited and optimistic a...

Title IX: Leveling the Playing Field Essay -- gender equity in sports

How does one define the success of a high school and college? Is it by dint of standardized test scores, graduates, and college applicants? Is it through winning games and playing beyond the school? Yes, in fact its all of these things. America is based on freedom and equality. America is created with Liberty and arbitrator for All. America is only now starting to treat women as the equals they are. Although title IX has improved athletic opportunities for women, the ratio of women to men athletic specie is uneven because of the revenue main stream mens sports bring to the schools. As colleges grew in people and pride, football became the new sensation. With the predominant football schools nationwide, young-bearing(prenominal) athletic programs werent given much thought. Football provides the schools funding through its massive packed stands. The revenue made funneled back into the football programs and left subaltern funding for any different sport, male or female. In 1972, the nation finally decided to make a stand, and force schools to create and sponsor other athletic teams for females, besides cheerleading and square dancing. Title IX was enacted in 1972 by President Richard Nixon. It requires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that is federally funded. Many people do not even know that Title IX exists, or if they do, that it applies to more than sports. However it applies to sports, access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing and technology. It forced schools to even the playing field and implement womens sporting teams. Before Title IX, it was nearly impossible to get a f... ...011. Davis, Paula M. Imagine Fund Will Offer Race and Gender-based Scholarships in Response to 2006 Anti-affirmative Action Law. MLive. Michigan Live LLC, 20 Aug. 2008. Web. 06 Feb. 2011.Grant, Christine. A Title IX Presentation. Bailiwick. The University of Iowa Libraries, 25 Sept. 1995. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. Lopiano, Donna. Title IX Q & A - Womens Sports Foundation. Title IX. Womens Sports Foundation, 26 May 2005. Web. 10 Feb. 2011. Rhode, Deborah L., and Christopher J. Walker. Gender Equity in College Athletics Women Coaches as a Case Study. NCAA. National College Athletics Association, 26 Mar. 2008. Web. 6 Feb. 2011. Weistart, John. Equal Opportunity? Title IX and Intercollegiate Sports. Wilson Web, Fall 1998. Web. 2 Feb. 2011. Christine Grant Sports Management Resources. Our Consultants. Sports Management Resources. Web. 10 Feb. 2011.